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ABVM-ENDO test Format | ABVM-ENDO Course Contents | ABVM-ENDO Course Outline | ABVM-ENDO test Syllabus | ABVM-ENDO test Objectives

Exam Code: ABVM ENDO

Exam Name: American Board of Vascular Medicine Endovascular Medicine

Number of Questions: 135 multiple-choice questions.

Time Allotted: 180 minutes (3 hours)

Passing Score: 300 to 700



To pass, you must achieve a scaled score of at least 555.



- Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, and Screening

- Pathophysiology

- Arterial Diseases: Atherosclerosis, plaque rupture, thrombosis, intimal hyperplasia, restenosis, aneurysm formation, dissection.

- Venous Diseases: Venous thromboembolism (VTE), deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), varicose veins, post-thrombotic syndrome.

- typical Vascular Disorders: Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), vasculitis (e.g., Takayasu, giant cell arteritis), Buerger's disease, Raynaud's phenomenon, popliteal entrapment - drome, cystic adventitial disease.

- Lymphatic Diseases: Lymphedema (primary/secondary), lymphangitis.



- Epidemiology and Risk Factors

- Arterial: Smoking, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, age, family history, chronic kidney disease.

- Venous: Immobility, surgery, cancer, hypercoagulable states (Factor V Leiden, antithrombin deficiency), oral contraceptives.



- Clinical Standards for Screening

- Ankle-brachial index (ABI) thresholds, abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) screening in men >65 with smoking history, carotid screening in high-risk patients.



- Atherosclerosis, thromboembolism, Virchow's triad, Rutherford classification (for PAD), CEAP classification (for venous disease).



- Diagnosis and Testing

- History and Physical Exam

- Arterial: Claudication, critical limb ischemia (CLI), rest pain, tissue loss; pulses (femoral, popliteal, pedal), bruits, dependent rubor, ulcers.

- Venous: Leg swelling, pain worse with dependency, varicose veins, stasis dermatitis, ulcers (medial malleolus).

- Atypical: String-of-beads appearance (FMD), livedo reticularis (vasculitis).

- Lymphatic: Pitting/non-pitting edema, Stemmer's sign.



- Differential Diagnosis, Imaging, and Laboratory Evaluation

- Arterial: Duplex ultrasound, CTA/MRA, angiography; ABI, toe-brachial index (TBI), pulse volume recordings (PVR).

- Venous: Duplex for reflux/DVT, venography, intravascular ultrasound (IVUS).

- Atypical: Specific imaging for vasculitis (PET-CT), entrapment (provocative maneuvers).



- Duplex ultrasound (reflux >0.5-1s), ABI <0.9 (PAD), D-dimer, Wells score (DVT/PE), TASC classification (aortoiliac lesions).



- Treatment and Interventions

- Endovascular Interventions and Surgery

- Arterial: Angioplasty (PTA), stenting (self-expanding, balloon-expandable, drug-eluting, covered), atherectomy (directional, orbital, laser), thrombolysis/catheter-directed therapy (CDT).

- Sites: Aortoiliac, femoropopliteal, tibial, renal, carotid, subclavian.

- Aneurysm: EVAR (endovascular aneurysm repair), fenestrated/branched grafts.



- Venous: Venous stenting (iliac veins for May-Thurner), IVC filter placement/retrieval, venous ablation (radiofrequency, laser), sclerotherapy.

- Atypical: Embolization for aneurysms/malformations, stenting for FMD/entrapment.



- Procedural Complications

- Arterial: Dissection, perforation, embolization, access site hematoma, contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), radiation injury.

- Venous: Thrombosis post-stenting, filter migration/fracture, pulmonary embolism during intervention.

- Atypical: Compartment syndrome, reperfusion injury.



- Medical Treatment

- Arterial: Antiplatelets (aspirin, clopidogrel), statins, cilostazol, anticoagulation (DOACs, warfarin).

- Venous: Anticoagulation (heparin, DOACs), compression therapy.

- Atypical: Immunosuppression for vasculitis.

- Lymphatic: Compression garments, manual lymphatic drainage.



- Clinical Guidelines for Intervention

- Indications per SVS/ESVS/ACC guidelines: CLI vs. lifestyle-limiting claudication, TASC II/III lesions, chronic total occlusions (CTO).



- Chronic total occlusion (CTO), drug-coated balloon (DCB), intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), thrombolysis (tPA), dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), Rutherford/Boland categories, Fontaine stages.



- Prognosis, Surveillance, and Re-intervention

- Arterial: Patency rates (primary/secondary), limb salvage, amputation-free survival; duplex surveillance post-EVAR/stenting.

- Venous: Post-thrombotic syndrome risk, recurrence rates.

- Atypical: Disease progression in vasculitis/FMD.



- Endoleak (Types I-V post-EVAR), in-stent restenosis (ISR), target lesion revascularization (TLR), duplex criteria for restenosis (>50% velocity ratio >2-3).

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